| Frostbite usually occurs in freezing or cold and windy conditions. People who cannot move around to increase their circulation are particularly susceptible. In many cases, frostbite is accompanied by hypothermia and this should be treated accordingly.
Symptoms may include:
- Shivering
- Cold, pale, dry skin
- Slurred speech and clumsiness
- Possible loss of consciousness
- Slow, shallow breathing
Casualties may experience a colour change to the skin of the affected area: first white, then mottled and blue. On recovery, the skin may be red, hot, painful and blistered. Where gangrene occurs, the tissue may become black due to loss of blood supply.
How to treat frostbite
1. Advise the casualty to put his hands in his armpits. Move the casualty into warmth before you thaw the affected part further.
2. Once inside, gently remove gloves, rings and any other constrictions, such as boots. Warm the affected part with your hands, in your lap or continue to warm them in the casualty’s armpits. Avoid rubbing the affected area because this can damage skin and other tissues.
3. Place the affected parts in warm water at around 40°C (104°F). Dry carefully, and apply a light dressing of dry gauze bandage. Monitor and record the casualty’s vital signs – level of response, breathing, pulse and temperature while waiting for help to arrive. Give him a warm drink such as soup and/or high-energy foods such as chocolate to help re-warm him.
4. Raise the affected limb to reduce swelling. An adult may take the recommended dose of paracetamol or her own painkillers. A child may have the recommended dose of paracetamol syrup (not aspirin). Take or send the casualty to hospital.
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